Strand — & Tenger

You can access the full study and related reviews through the following academic platforms:

: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article strand & tenger

: The study suggests that while environmental cues are important, there is a likely genetic basis or a rapid evolutionary shift occurring in captive populations that "breaks" the migratory strand in their behavioral biology. You can access the full study and related

: "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies" by Tenger-Trolander et al. (2019). (2019)

: The findings are summarized in broader biological reviews, such as "The phenotypic costs of captivity" in Biological Reviews , which uses the Tenger-Trolander study to highlight how captive-bred individuals lose key behavioral traits.

The phenotypic costs of captivity - Crates - 2023 - Biological Reviews