: Rubia suggests that "one-size-fits-all" approaches are likely to fail. Future success depends on personalizing treatment based on a patient’s neurocognitive or brain-imaging patterns. Clinical Context
The article is frequently cited in discussions about the limitations of current ADHD drug therapies, which often lack long-term safety evidence and may be less preferred by parents and clinicians than non-pharmacological alternatives. Rubia (2022)
: Including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Efficacy and Limitations : functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
: Using EEG (most common), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and functional MRI (fMRI). Rubia (2022)
For a deep dive into the specific data on fMRI-NF protocols, you can access the full article on Wiley Online Library .