The process relies on the principle that many biological molecules possess an electrical charge. When placed in an electric field, these molecules migrate toward the electrode with the opposite charge.
is a fundamental laboratory technique used to separate macromolecules—specifically DNA, RNA, and proteins—based on their size and electrical charge . By applying an electric field to a buffered medium, scientists can "sort" complex biological mixtures into distinct bands, making it an indispensable tool in genetics, forensics, and clinical diagnostics. How It Works Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the backbone of several critical scientific fields: The process relies on the principle that many
An electrical current is applied. Since DNA and RNA are negatively charged due to their phosphate backbone, they migrate toward the positive electrode (anode). By applying an electric field to a buffered
Small molecules move through the pores of the gel quickly, while larger molecules get tangled in the matrix and move more slowly. Over time, the molecules separate into distinct bands based on their molecular weight. Common Types
Uses narrow tubes instead of gels, allowing for high-speed separation and automation, commonly used in modern DNA sequencing. Real-World Applications
Though the concept is simple—using electricity to push molecules through a "filter"—electrophoresis is one of the most powerful techniques in modern science. It transformed biology from a descriptive field into a precise, molecular discipline, providing the visual evidence needed to map the human genome and solve complex medical mysteries.