: The self is realized through five key relationships (ruler-subject, parent-child, husband-wife, elder-younger sibling, and friend-friend). These are the "fields" where creative transformation occurs.

: Self-cultivation is a proactive, creative act. It is the process of "learning to be human" ( xue ) by refining one's internal virtues to harmonize with external social roles.

Tu Weiming argues that this Confucian model offers a vital alternative to modern "instrumental rationality" and extreme individualism. It proposes that true freedom is found not in independence from others, but in the that allows for both personal growth and social harmony.

: Tu Weiming emphasizes that the self eventually reaches a state where it is "at one" with the universe. This "anthropocosmic" view suggests that by fulfilling our human nature, we also participate in the creative work of Heaven and Earth. The Dimensions of Cultivation

: The center of human cognition and emotion. Cultivation requires aligning the mind-heart with the principle of "Humaneness" ( Ren ).

: The ultimate stage where the individual's moral character resonates with the "Way" ( Dao ) of the cosmos, achieving a religious dimension of existence without needing an external deity. Significance in Modernity