The period between 1880 and 1935 remains one of the most transformative eras in African history, characterized by the rapid "Scramble for Africa" and the implementation of varied colonial administrative systems. By 1914, nearly 90% of the continent was under European control, with only Ethiopia and Liberia maintaining their independence. 🌍 Key Phases of Colonial Domination
African leaders did not submit easily. Figures like Samori Touré in West Africa and the Zulu Kingdom in Southern Africa led fierce military campaigns to defend their sovereignty. 1919–1935: Consolidation and Adaptation
After WWI, resistance shifted from military confrontation to political activism, early trade unionism, and the rise of nationalist movements. ⚖️ Lasting Impact
While no Africans were present, this meeting established the "rules" for European colonization to avoid conflict among imperial powers.
The era was defined by the extraction of minerals and the cultivation of cash crops for European markets, often relying on forced or low-wage labor.
