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: The struggle between Catholics and Protestants (Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation) became a central driver of European politics.

: No single state was allowed to dominate Europe, creating a fragile system of checks and balances. IV. Decline of the Ottoman Empire

: Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden).

: A turning point where Ottoman expansion into Europe was definitively halted.